الميراث

Inheritance is a fundamental mechanism of OOP that allows a class (called a child class or subclass) to inherit fields and methods from another class (called a parent class or superclass).

This promotes code reuse and avoids unnecessary repetition.

Extending a Class with extends

In Java, we use the extends keyword to indicate that a class inherits from another:

class Vehicle {
    protected int speed; // 'protected' makes the field visible to subclasses

    public void honk() {
        System.out.println("Beep beep!");
    }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
    // Car automatically inherits the speed field and the honk() method
}

The Constructor and the super() Keyword

If the superclass has a constructor that accepts parameters, the subclass must call it explicitly in its constructor using super(...) as the very first statement:

class Person {
    String name;

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }
}

class Student extends Person {
    int studentId;

    public Student(String name, int studentId) {
        super(name); // Invokes the constructor of Person
        this.studentId = studentId;
    }
}

Method Overriding (@Override)

A subclass can provide its own specific implementation for a method inherited from the superclass. This operation is called overriding (method overriding) and is indicated by the @Override annotation.

class Animal {
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Rumore generico");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void makeSound() {
        System.out.println("Miao!");
    }
}

The protected Modifier

The protected access modifier plays a key role in inheritance. Unlike private, which makes members visible only within the same class, protected allows access to fields and methods both within the same package and by all subclasses, even if they reside in different packages.

Accessing Parent Members with super

In addition to calling the superclass constructor, the super keyword can be used within subclass methods to reference methods or variables of the parent class. This is particularly useful when a method is overridden, but you still want to invoke the original parent behavior:

class Animal {
    public void sleep() {
        System.out.println("Zzz");
    }
}

class Cat extends Animal {
    @Override
    public void sleep() {
        super.sleep(); // Executes the behavior of Animal
        System.out.println("The cat purrs while sleeping.");
    }
}

Single Inheritance in Java

In Java, a class can extend only one class (single inheritance). Direct inheritance from multiple classes (multiple inheritance) is not allowed; for example, class Cat extends Animal, Mammal will cause a compilation error. This design choice avoids ambiguities known as the "diamond problem" (when two superclasses define the same method with different implementations). To overcome this limitation, Java introduces the concept of Interfaces, which we will explore in the next module.

Try it yourself