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Methods define the behavior of an object. We can think of them as functions declared inside a class that operate on the object's instance fields or incoming parameters.

Defining a Method

A method in Java consists of:

1. Access modifier (e.g., public, private).
2. Return type (e.g., int, String, or void if it doesn't return anything).
3. Method name in camelCase.
4. Parameters enclosed in parentheses.
5. Method body enclosed in curly braces.

class Person {
    String name;

    public Person(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    // Method with return type String
    public String greet() {
        return "Ciao, mi chiamo " + name;
    }
}

Calling a Method

To invoke a method on a created object, we use dot notation .:

public class Main {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        Person p = new Person("Marco");
        String message = p.greet(); // Calling the method
        System.out.println(message);
    }
}

Method Overloading

In Java, two or more methods within the same class can have the same name, as long as they have a different parameter list (in number, order, or types of parameters). This concept is known as Overloading.

The compiler decides which method to invoke by analyzing the arguments passed during the call.

class Printer {
    // Method to print an integer
    public void printValue(int number) {
        System.out.println("Intero: " + number);
    }

    // Overloaded method to print a string
    public void printValue(String text) {
        System.out.println("Testo: " + text);
    }
}

Parameter Passing by Value

In Java, all parameters are passed by value (pass-by-value). This means that when you pass an argument to a method, Java creates a copy of the variable's value and passes it to the method.

• For primitive types, the original value outside the method never changes, even if modified inside the method.
• For objects/references, the reference to the object is copied. This means that while we cannot change the memory address the original object points to, we can modify its internal state (e.g., its fields) and those changes will be visible outside.

Overloading Limitations: The Return Type

It is important to note that you cannot overload a method based solely on the return type. For example, the following code will cause a compilation error:

class Example {
    // ERROR: The signature of the two methods is considered identical
    public int getNumber() { return 42; }
    public double getNumber() { return 42.0; }
}

The compiler needs to distinguish between methods based only on the parameters to decide which version to call at compile-time (overloading is resolved at compile-time).

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