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Rust is a statically typed language, which means it must know the type of all variables at compile time. Usually, the compiler can infer the type based on the assigned value, but sometimes it is necessary or helpful to specify it manually.

Primitive types in Rust are divided into two main categories: scalars (single value) and compounds (group of values).

Scalar Types

Scalar types represent a single value. Rust has four fundamental scalar types:

1. Integers: Whole numbers. They can be signed (i8, i16, i32, i64, i128, isize) or unsigned (u8, u16, u32, u64, u128, usize). The default type is i32.
2. Floating-point: Numbers with decimal points. They can be f32 or f64 (double precision, default).
3. Booleans: Represent logical truth with true or false (type bool).
4. Characters: A single Unicode scalar value enclosed in single quotes (type char), e.g., 'a', 'ℤ', or emoji '😻'.

Example of explicit type annotation:

let x: i64 = 42;
let y: f64 = 3.1415;
let is_rust_awesome: bool = true;
let heart_emoji: char = '❤';

Compound Types

Compound types can group multiple values into a single type. Rust has two main primitive compound types:

Tuples

A tuple groups values of different types into a fixed-size collection:

let person: (String, i32) = (String::from("Alice"), 30);

// Destructuring to extract values
let (name, age) = person;

// Direct access with index using dot (.)
let name_direct = person.0;
let age_direct = person.1;

Arrays (Fixed-size lists)

An array groups multiple elements of the same type into a fixed-size collection stored on the stack:

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]; // Inferred as [i32; 5]
let first = numbers[0]; // Access by index
let third = numbers[2];

If you try to access an index outside the array boundaries (e.g., numbers[10]), Rust will immediately crash (panic) at runtime instead of allowing unauthorized memory access.

Comparison

Try it yourself