Уроки модуля (1/2)
Примитивные типы и аннотации
TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript, meaning it adds static type syntax on top of existing JavaScript. At runtime, all TypeScript code is compiled to pure JavaScript and types disappear entirely during the build process.
Thanks to TypeScript, you can catch errors before the code runs in the browser, making your development process more robust, safe, and scalable.
Primitive Types
TypeScript supports the standard JavaScript primitive types:
string: Represents sequences of characters (e.g.'Alice',"Hello").number: Represents numeric values, both integers and decimals (e.g.42,3.14).boolean: Represents truth values (trueorfalse).nullandundefined: Represent intentional or unintentional absence of a value.
const username: string = 'Alice';
const score: number = 100;
const isActive: boolean = true;Variable Annotations and Inference
In TypeScript, we can add a type annotation by using a colon (:) followed by the type.
If you try to assign a value of a different type (for example, assigning a string to age defined as a number), the TypeScript compiler will immediately raise an error before the code even runs.
The Danger of the any Type
The any type is a special escape hatch that tells TypeScript to completely turn off type checking for that variable.
let data: any = 42;
data = 'Hello'; // No error!
data.nonExistentMethod(); // No error at compile time, but it crashes at runtime!Using any negates all the safety benefits of using TypeScript. It is considered a bad practice and should almost always be avoided in production code.
Function Annotations and the void Type
We can annotate both the parameters and the return value of a function:
function calculateTax(price: number, taxRate: number): number {
return price * taxRate;
}If a function does not return any value (for example, it only does a console.log), its return type is void:
function logMessage(message: string): void {
console.log(message);
}Try it yourself
Exercise 1: Typed Variables
Declare three explicitly typed variables: username as string with value 'Alice', score as number with value 100, and isActive as boolean with value true. Do not use the any type.
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Use the syntax : string, : number, and : boolean after the name of each variable.
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Exercise 2: Greeting Function
Create a function named greet that accepts a parameter name of type string and returns a string in the format 'Hello, ' followed by the name. Explicitly specify both the parameter type and the return type.
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Declare the function as function greet(name: string): string { ... } and return the message.
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Exercise 3: Temperature Converter
Declare a function named celsiusToFahrenheit that accepts a parameter celsius of type number and returns the equivalent temperature in degrees Fahrenheit (number). The formula is celsius * 9 / 5 + 32. Explicitly specify both the parameter type and the return type.
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Multiply celsius by 9, divide by 5, add 32 and return the result with a : number return type on the function.
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Exercise 4: Discount Calculation
Create a function named calculateDiscount that accepts a parameter price of type number and a parameter discountPercent of type number, and returns the final discounted price as a number. Explicitly specify both the parameter types and the return type.
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Subtract the discount percentage divided by 100 from 1, then multiply by the price. Make sure to annotate parameters and return value as number.
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